2024 |
Cotou, Efthimia; Miliou, Helen; Chatzoglou, Evanthia; Schoina, Eirini; Politakis, Nektarios; Kogiannou, Dimitra; Fountoulaki, Eleni; Androni, Afrodite; Konstantinopoulou, Aggeliki; Assimakopoulou, Georgia; Nathanailides, Cosmas Fishes, 9 (2), pp. 69, 2024, ISSN: 2410-3888. @article{cotou_growth_2024, title = {Growth Performance and Environmental Quality Indices and Biomarkers in a Co-Culture of the European Sea Bass with Filter and Deposit Feeders: A Case Study of an IMTA System}, author = {Efthimia Cotou and Helen Miliou and Evanthia Chatzoglou and Eirini Schoina and Nektarios Politakis and Dimitra Kogiannou and Eleni Fountoulaki and Afrodite Androni and Aggeliki Konstantinopoulou and Georgia Assimakopoulou and Cosmas Nathanailides}, url = {https://imbbc.hcmr.gr/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024-Cotou-et-al-Fishes-11.pdf https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/69 }, doi = {10.3390/fishes9020069}, issn = {2410-3888}, year = {2024}, date = {2024-02-27}, urldate = {2024-02-28}, journal = {Fishes}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {69}, abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system comprising co-cultured fed fish and organic extractive species representing three distinct trophic levels as well as the impact and potential utilization of two commercially available fish feeds made up of 35% fish meal (FM) and 20% fish meal (LFM) ingredients, using a multi-indicator assessment approach. Significant alterations were observed in growth performance indicators (GPIs), water and sediment quality indices, toxicity tests and biomarkers within the IMTA system. The fish survival, weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were higher in the IMTA system with significantly lower feed conversion ratios (FCRs) and higher feed efficiency (FE) in comparison to the fed fish monoculture system. Yet, organic filter feeders displayed 100% survival, and increased shell growth, while deposit feeders exhibited successful survival and significant weight gain. In the comparison between FM-IMTA and LFM-IMTA, fed fish in FM-IMTA showed higher WG, SGR, and FE with lower FCR. Environmental parameters like temperature, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations fluctuated but generally improved in the IMTA system, indicating lower mesotrophic conditions. Sediment fatty acid profiles differed between systems and toxicity assessments, which suggested a lower impact in IMTA and FM-IMTA systems. The sediment microbial community displayed high similarity within IMTA systems and between FM-IMTA and LFM-IMTA. These findings underscore the potential of IMTA systems for sustainable aquaculture, emphasizing improved growth performance and reduced environmental impact, particularly when using fish meal feeds.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system comprising co-cultured fed fish and organic extractive species representing three distinct trophic levels as well as the impact and potential utilization of two commercially available fish feeds made up of 35% fish meal (FM) and 20% fish meal (LFM) ingredients, using a multi-indicator assessment approach. Significant alterations were observed in growth performance indicators (GPIs), water and sediment quality indices, toxicity tests and biomarkers within the IMTA system. The fish survival, weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were higher in the IMTA system with significantly lower feed conversion ratios (FCRs) and higher feed efficiency (FE) in comparison to the fed fish monoculture system. Yet, organic filter feeders displayed 100% survival, and increased shell growth, while deposit feeders exhibited successful survival and significant weight gain. In the comparison between FM-IMTA and LFM-IMTA, fed fish in FM-IMTA showed higher WG, SGR, and FE with lower FCR. Environmental parameters like temperature, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations fluctuated but generally improved in the IMTA system, indicating lower mesotrophic conditions. Sediment fatty acid profiles differed between systems and toxicity assessments, which suggested a lower impact in IMTA and FM-IMTA systems. The sediment microbial community displayed high similarity within IMTA systems and between FM-IMTA and LFM-IMTA. These findings underscore the potential of IMTA systems for sustainable aquaculture, emphasizing improved growth performance and reduced environmental impact, particularly when using fish meal feeds. |
2023 |
Vasilaki, A; Mente, E; Fountoulaki, E; Henry, M; Nikoloudaki, C; Berillis, P; Kousoulaki, K; Nengas, I Fishmeal, plant protein, and fish oil substitution with single-cell ingredients in organic feeds for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Journal Article Frontiers in Physiology, 14 , pp. 1199497, 2023, ISSN: 1664-042X. @article{vasilaki_fishmeal_2023, title = {Fishmeal, plant protein, and fish oil substitution with single-cell ingredients in organic feeds for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)}, author = {A Vasilaki and E Mente and E Fountoulaki and M Henry and C Nikoloudaki and P Berillis and K Kousoulaki and I Nengas}, url = {https://imbbc.hcmr.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2023-Vasilaki-Frontiers-Physio-28.pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2023.1199497/full}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2023.1199497}, issn = {1664-042X}, year = {2023}, date = {2023-06-06}, urldate = {2023-06-12}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {14}, pages = {1199497}, abstract = {Single-cell ingredients (SCI) are considered promising nutrient sources which are produced using environmentally friendly biotechnological processes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal, plant protein sources, and fish oil with SCI in organic feeds for European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). Bacterial protein, yeast protein, and microalgae were used to replace fishmeal trimmings, soya bean meal, and fish oil from trimmings. Triplicate groups (30 fish per replicate) of European sea bass (14.4 ± 2.4 g) were fed the experimental diets for 71 days. The results showed that the incorporation of SCI at all levels of inclusion significantly enhanced nutrient digestibility. Additionally, growth performance parameters were not affected by SCI inclusion, exhibiting similar or improved values. Moreover, a tendency for improved anterior and posterior gut structure was observed and a significant increase of lysozyme activity at the two highest inclusion levels of SCI was determined. Overall, the results showed that the inclusion of SCI at 15% (bacterial: yeast: algae—9.4: 4.7: 1) is possible without compromising any of the parameters evaluated. According to these findings, a higher substitution of fishmeal trimmings, plant protein sources, and fish oil from trimmings with SCI in organic diets for European sea bass ( D. labrax ) can be further evaluated in future studies.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Single-cell ingredients (SCI) are considered promising nutrient sources which are produced using environmentally friendly biotechnological processes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal, plant protein sources, and fish oil with SCI in organic feeds for European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). Bacterial protein, yeast protein, and microalgae were used to replace fishmeal trimmings, soya bean meal, and fish oil from trimmings. Triplicate groups (30 fish per replicate) of European sea bass (14.4 ± 2.4 g) were fed the experimental diets for 71 days. The results showed that the incorporation of SCI at all levels of inclusion significantly enhanced nutrient digestibility. Additionally, growth performance parameters were not affected by SCI inclusion, exhibiting similar or improved values. Moreover, a tendency for improved anterior and posterior gut structure was observed and a significant increase of lysozyme activity at the two highest inclusion levels of SCI was determined. Overall, the results showed that the inclusion of SCI at 15% (bacterial: yeast: algae—9.4: 4.7: 1) is possible without compromising any of the parameters evaluated. According to these findings, a higher substitution of fishmeal trimmings, plant protein sources, and fish oil from trimmings with SCI in organic diets for European sea bass ( D. labrax ) can be further evaluated in future studies. |
2022 |
Henry, M A; Golomazou, E; Asimaki, A; Psofakis, P; Fountoulaki, E; Mente, E; Rumbos, C I; Athanassiou, C G; Karapanagiotidis, I T Aquaculture Reports, 27 , pp. 101347, 2022, ISSN: 23525134. @article{henry_partial_2022, title = {Partial dietary fishmeal replacement with full-fat or defatted superworm (Zophobas morio) larvae meals modulates the innate immune system of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata}, author = {M A Henry and E Golomazou and A Asimaki and P Psofakis and E Fountoulaki and E Mente and C I Rumbos and C G Athanassiou and I T Karapanagiotidis}, url = {https://imbbc.hcmr.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-Henry-AquaRepo-66.pdf https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S235251342200343X}, doi = {10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101347}, issn = {23525134}, year = {2022}, date = {2022-10-19}, urldate = {2022-10-19}, journal = {Aquaculture Reports}, volume = {27}, pages = {101347}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Fountoulaki, E; Vasilaki, A; Nikolopoulou, D; Schrama, J; Kaushik, S J; Prabhu, Antony Jesu P Faecal waste production, characteristics and recovery in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is affected by dietary ingredient composition Journal Article Aquaculture, 548 , pp. 737582, 2022, ISSN: 00448486. @article{fountoulaki_faecal_2022b, title = {Faecal waste production, characteristics and recovery in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is affected by dietary ingredient composition}, author = {E Fountoulaki and A Vasilaki and D Nikolopoulou and J Schrama and S J Kaushik and P Antony Jesu Prabhu}, url = {https://imbbc.hcmr.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2022-Fountoulaki-AQUA-preprint-1.pdf https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004484862101245X}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737582}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2022}, date = {2022-02-01}, urldate = {2022-03-11}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {548}, pages = {737582}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2021 |
Kounna, Christiana; Fountoulaki, Eleni; Miliou, Helen; Chatzifotis, Stavros Aquaculture, 540 , pp. 736683, 2021, ISSN: 00448486. @article{kounna_water_2021, title = {Water temperature effects on growth performance, proximate body and tissue composition, morphometric characteristics and gastrointestinal evacuation processes of juvenile meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801)}, author = {Christiana Kounna and Eleni Fountoulaki and Helen Miliou and Stavros Chatzifotis}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848621003458}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736683}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-01-01}, urldate = {2021-06-24}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {540}, pages = {736683}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2020 |
Tsertou, M I; Chatzifotis, S; Fontanillas, R; Cotou, E; Fountoulaki, E; Antonopoulou, E; Katharios, P Aquaculture, 521 , pp. 735052, 2020, ISSN: 00448486. @article{tsertou_effect_2020, title = {The effect of dietary vitamin D3, minerals (Ca, P) and plant-protein sources in the development of systemic granulomatosis in meagre (Argyrosomus regius, Asso, 1801)}, author = {M I Tsertou and S Chatzifotis and R Fontanillas and E Cotou and E Fountoulaki and E Antonopoulou and P Katharios}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848619326626}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735052}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-01}, urldate = {2020-08-31}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {521}, pages = {735052}, abstract = {Systemic Granulomatosis (SG) affects the majority of cultured meagre (Argyrosomus regius). This pathological condition, whose aetiology is still not known, is identified by multiple granulomas in a variety of organs that become calcified and necrotic with time. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that SG is a metabolic disorder associated with nutritional imbalances, and the present study examined the role of dietary vitamin D3, minerals (Ca, P) and plant-protein sources in the development of the disease. The use of plant-protein in the diet formulation exacerbated the progression of SG, while vitamin D3 did not prevent its occurrence. On the other hand, the severity of SG was improved by increasing the P content in the feed. However, the exact irritant that causes this inflammatory response in meagre is still unknown and more research needs to examine other nutritional factors.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Systemic Granulomatosis (SG) affects the majority of cultured meagre (Argyrosomus regius). This pathological condition, whose aetiology is still not known, is identified by multiple granulomas in a variety of organs that become calcified and necrotic with time. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that SG is a metabolic disorder associated with nutritional imbalances, and the present study examined the role of dietary vitamin D3, minerals (Ca, P) and plant-protein sources in the development of the disease. The use of plant-protein in the diet formulation exacerbated the progression of SG, while vitamin D3 did not prevent its occurrence. On the other hand, the severity of SG was improved by increasing the P content in the feed. However, the exact irritant that causes this inflammatory response in meagre is still unknown and more research needs to examine other nutritional factors. |
Henry, Morgane A; Fountoulaki, Eleni; Vasilaki, Antigoni; Rigos, George; Kokou, Fotini; Karalazos, Vasileios Aquaculture, 528 , pp. 735479, 2020, ISSN: 0044-8486. @article{henry_dietary_2020, title = {Dietary micronutrient supplementation in low fishmeal based diets for optimum growth and immune status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles}, author = {Morgane A Henry and Eleni Fountoulaki and Antigoni Vasilaki and George Rigos and Fotini Kokou and Vasileios Karalazos}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848620312412}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735479}, issn = {0044-8486}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {528}, pages = {735479}, abstract = {The present study aimed to evaluate the optimal dietary micronutrient supplementation of plant-based diets for juvenile European sea bass. A 90-day feeding trial was performed, where fish were fed a high fishmeal (FM) based diet (62% DM; positive control) or low FM diets (12.5% FM and krill meal), supplemented with increasing levels of a micronutrient mixture (Nutrient Package, NP) consisting of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. The supplementation levels ranged from 0% (no supplementation, negative control) to 400%, where 100% supplementation level corresponded to the requirement levels recommended for other fish species. Fish growth and feed performance (SGR, DGI, FCR, PER) were significantly impaired at levels NP0 and NP25 compared to the FM control. Body Fe and Zn concentrations were positively affected by the graded levels of the NP, while Mn and Se concentrations remained stable. Growth parameters were particularly correlated to body Fe and Zn, while immune parameters were mainly correlated to body Zn. Significant immunosuppression was evidenced (concerning the respiratory burst activity) when low FM diets were not supplemented with NP. High inclusion levels of the NP showed a negative impact on lysozyme activity. Histological examinations did not reveal any significant effects on gills, gut and liver morphology. At identical NP supplementation level (50%), fish fed low and high FM diets showed similar growth and innate immunity suggesting that long-term feeding with plant-based diets do not significantly affect the fish when adequate minerals and vitamins supplementation is provided. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the inclusion of the NP between 260 and 300% improves growth and immune parameters of fish fed low-FM diets as well as Zn body incorporation. Overall, the present study suggested the positive impact of NP supplementation of PM-based diets on both fish growth and health but future NP could include less Mn, more Fe, closer to levels obtained in fish fed FM (245 mg·kg−1), and Zn at 122 mg·kg−1.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The present study aimed to evaluate the optimal dietary micronutrient supplementation of plant-based diets for juvenile European sea bass. A 90-day feeding trial was performed, where fish were fed a high fishmeal (FM) based diet (62% DM; positive control) or low FM diets (12.5% FM and krill meal), supplemented with increasing levels of a micronutrient mixture (Nutrient Package, NP) consisting of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. The supplementation levels ranged from 0% (no supplementation, negative control) to 400%, where 100% supplementation level corresponded to the requirement levels recommended for other fish species. Fish growth and feed performance (SGR, DGI, FCR, PER) were significantly impaired at levels NP0 and NP25 compared to the FM control. Body Fe and Zn concentrations were positively affected by the graded levels of the NP, while Mn and Se concentrations remained stable. Growth parameters were particularly correlated to body Fe and Zn, while immune parameters were mainly correlated to body Zn. Significant immunosuppression was evidenced (concerning the respiratory burst activity) when low FM diets were not supplemented with NP. High inclusion levels of the NP showed a negative impact on lysozyme activity. Histological examinations did not reveal any significant effects on gills, gut and liver morphology. At identical NP supplementation level (50%), fish fed low and high FM diets showed similar growth and innate immunity suggesting that long-term feeding with plant-based diets do not significantly affect the fish when adequate minerals and vitamins supplementation is provided. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the inclusion of the NP between 260 and 300% improves growth and immune parameters of fish fed low-FM diets as well as Zn body incorporation. Overall, the present study suggested the positive impact of NP supplementation of PM-based diets on both fish growth and health but future NP could include less Mn, more Fe, closer to levels obtained in fish fed FM (245 mg·kg−1), and Zn at 122 mg·kg−1. |
2019 |
Prabhu, Antony Jesu P; Fountoulaki, E; Maas, R; Heinsbroek, L T N; Eding, E H; Kaushik, S J; Schrama, J W Dietary ingredient composition alters faecal characteristics and waste production in common carp reared in recirculation system Journal Article Aquaculture, 512 , pp. 734357, 2019, ISSN: 00448486. @article{antony_jesu_prabhu_dietary_2019, title = {Dietary ingredient composition alters faecal characteristics and waste production in common carp reared in recirculation system}, author = {P Antony Jesu Prabhu and E Fountoulaki and R Maas and L T N Heinsbroek and E H Eding and S J Kaushik and J W Schrama}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848618327200}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734357}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-10-01}, urldate = {2020-09-17}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {512}, pages = {734357}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Kokou, Fotini; Henry, Morgane; Nikoloudaki, Chrisa; Kounna, Christiana; Vasilaki, Antigoni; Fountoulaki, Eleni Optimum protein-to-lipid ratio requirement of the juvenile shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) as estimated by nutritional and histological parameters Journal Article Aquaculture Nutrition, 25 (2), pp. 444–455, 2019, (_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/anu.12870). @article{kokou_optimum_2019, title = {Optimum protein-to-lipid ratio requirement of the juvenile shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) as estimated by nutritional and histological parameters}, author = {Fotini Kokou and Morgane Henry and Chrisa Nikoloudaki and Christiana Kounna and Antigoni Vasilaki and Eleni Fountoulaki}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anu.12870}, doi = {10.1111/anu.12870}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture Nutrition}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {444--455}, abstract = {Abstract The shi drum is an emerging Mediterranean aquaculture species that has gained increasing interest in recent years. However, the nutrient requirements of this species remain to be determined to optimize its culture. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary protein (470g/kg or 520g/kg) to lipid ratios (100g/kg, 150 or 200g/kg) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and tissue morphology of the shi drum (7 g average initial weight). Dietary protein levels positively correlated with weight gain, showing high protein demands (textgreater470g/kg) for this species. Nonetheless, dietary lipid levels negatively affected growth rate, feed intake and efficiency, and protein utilization, suggesting that this macronutrient cannot be efficiently utilized in high concentrations (textgreater100g/kg). Histological evaluation revealed fat accumulation within the hepatocytes and the enterocytes with increasing dietary lipid levels, starting from 150g/kg lipid inclusion. Overall, our results confirm the high dietary protein requirements of the shi drum (textgreater470g/kg for fish of 7 g initial weight) and suggest that lipid levels should not exceed 100g/kg of inclusion in the diets as this species has a low tolerance to this macronutrient.}, note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/anu.12870}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Abstract The shi drum is an emerging Mediterranean aquaculture species that has gained increasing interest in recent years. However, the nutrient requirements of this species remain to be determined to optimize its culture. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary protein (470g/kg or 520g/kg) to lipid ratios (100g/kg, 150 or 200g/kg) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and tissue morphology of the shi drum (7 g average initial weight). Dietary protein levels positively correlated with weight gain, showing high protein demands (textgreater470g/kg) for this species. Nonetheless, dietary lipid levels negatively affected growth rate, feed intake and efficiency, and protein utilization, suggesting that this macronutrient cannot be efficiently utilized in high concentrations (textgreater100g/kg). Histological evaluation revealed fat accumulation within the hepatocytes and the enterocytes with increasing dietary lipid levels, starting from 150g/kg lipid inclusion. Overall, our results confirm the high dietary protein requirements of the shi drum (textgreater470g/kg for fish of 7 g initial weight) and suggest that lipid levels should not exceed 100g/kg of inclusion in the diets as this species has a low tolerance to this macronutrient. |
2018 |
Kokou, Fotini; Fountoulaki, Eleni Aquaculture waste production associated with antinutrient presence in common fish feed plant ingredients Journal Article Aquaculture, 495 , pp. 295–310, 2018, ISSN: 00448486. @article{kokou_aquaculture_2018, title = {Aquaculture waste production associated with antinutrient presence in common fish feed plant ingredients}, author = {Fotini Kokou and Eleni Fountoulaki}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848618301996}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.003}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-10-01}, urldate = {2020-09-17}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {495}, pages = {295--310}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2017 |
Alexi, N; Fountoulaki, E; Grigorakis, K Aquaculture Research, 48 (7), pp. 3817–3828, 2017, ISSN: 1355557X, (Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd). @article{alexi_quality_2017, title = {Quality of reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) during ice storage, as affected by dietary fish oil substitution; an instrumental and sensory designation approach}, author = {N Alexi and E Fountoulaki and K Grigorakis}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996761549&doi=10.1111%2fare.13208&partnerID=40&md5=ab2776b139716bd2db0b81fd2390cb3b}, doi = {10.1111/are.13208}, issn = {1355557X}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture Research}, volume = {48}, number = {7}, pages = {3817--3828}, abstract = {The fillet fatty acids (FAs) and volatile compounds (VCs) of gilthead sea bream, fed either fish oil-based diet (FO) or plant oils (PO), were studied in dorsal and ventral fillet parts over a 12-day ice storage. Fillet FA reflected the FA composition of the respective diets. Monounsaturated FAs were reduced with storage, while no FA differentiations occurred between fillet parts. VCs varied between diet treatments, with food chain-transported compounds (α-pinene and dimethylsulphide) showing higher abundance in the FO group. VCs proposed as fish spoilage indicators (trimethylamine, pentanal, propanal, 3-methylbutanal and 1-penten-3-ol) increased with storage, while concentration of carbon disulphide associated with fresh fish aroma decreased during the same period. VCs varied between fillet parts, with ventral part exhibiting higher concentrations in fat-soluble (terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons) and spoilage-associated VCs. Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between diet groups with the exception of fattiness, which was found significantly higher in the plant oil group. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd}, note = {Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The fillet fatty acids (FAs) and volatile compounds (VCs) of gilthead sea bream, fed either fish oil-based diet (FO) or plant oils (PO), were studied in dorsal and ventral fillet parts over a 12-day ice storage. Fillet FA reflected the FA composition of the respective diets. Monounsaturated FAs were reduced with storage, while no FA differentiations occurred between fillet parts. VCs varied between diet treatments, with food chain-transported compounds (α-pinene and dimethylsulphide) showing higher abundance in the FO group. VCs proposed as fish spoilage indicators (trimethylamine, pentanal, propanal, 3-methylbutanal and 1-penten-3-ol) increased with storage, while concentration of carbon disulphide associated with fresh fish aroma decreased during the same period. VCs varied between fillet parts, with ventral part exhibiting higher concentrations in fat-soluble (terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons) and spoilage-associated VCs. Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between diet groups with the exception of fattiness, which was found significantly higher in the plant oil group. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd |
Fountoulaki, E; Grigorakis, K; Kounna, C; Rigos, G; Papandroulakis, N; Diakogeorgakis, J; Kokou, F Growth performance and product quality of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fed diets of different protein/lipid levels at industrial scale Journal Article Italian Journal of Animal Science, 16 (4), pp. 685–694, 2017, ISSN: 15944077, (Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.). @article{fountoulaki_growth_2017, title = {Growth performance and product quality of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fed diets of different protein/lipid levels at industrial scale}, author = {E Fountoulaki and K Grigorakis and C Kounna and G Rigos and N Papandroulakis and J Diakogeorgakis and F Kokou}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031429178&doi=10.1080%2f1828051X.2017.1305259&partnerID=40&md5=00a307713794256023244d2994240e65}, doi = {10.1080/1828051X.2017.1305259}, issn = {15944077}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Italian Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {685--694}, abstract = {The rearing of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) up to commercial sizes, using diets of different protein/lipid ratios, was examined in two long-term trials. In the first 2 × 2 trial, four diets containing two protein (43% and 47%) and two lipid levels (15% and 20%) were evaluated in fish of 350 g initial weight. Fish were reared for 8 months in triplicate experimental cages, up to final weight of 900g. Growth performance showed that diets containing 43% protein were the most appropriate, as indicated by the better thermal growth coefficient (TGC): 0.70 and 0.71 (vs. 0.61 and 0.53 for 47/15 and 47/20 diets) and better daily growth index DGI: 0.91 and 1.00 (vs. 0.88 and 0.79 for 47/15 and 47/20, respectively). Liver fat did not differ among groups, but liver glycogen in the 43/15 dietary group was found to be significantly higher than the 47/20 (3.89% vs 1.88%). The histological examinations revealed a trend for increased lipid deposition when fish were fed high fat diets. Diets that performed best, namely 43/15 and 43/20, were used in a second trial conducted at a commercial fish farm. Fish weighing 520g were reared for 7 months up to 1100 g final weight. No significant differences were observed in the growth parameters examined. The feed conversion ratio was found to be better in the 43/20 diet compared to the 43/15 (1.58 vs. 1.68, respectively). The dietary fat levels significantly affected fillet fat content. However, such difference in nutritional content was not reflected in human-perceived sensory differences. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.}, note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The rearing of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) up to commercial sizes, using diets of different protein/lipid ratios, was examined in two long-term trials. In the first 2 × 2 trial, four diets containing two protein (43% and 47%) and two lipid levels (15% and 20%) were evaluated in fish of 350 g initial weight. Fish were reared for 8 months in triplicate experimental cages, up to final weight of 900g. Growth performance showed that diets containing 43% protein were the most appropriate, as indicated by the better thermal growth coefficient (TGC): 0.70 and 0.71 (vs. 0.61 and 0.53 for 47/15 and 47/20 diets) and better daily growth index DGI: 0.91 and 1.00 (vs. 0.88 and 0.79 for 47/15 and 47/20, respectively). Liver fat did not differ among groups, but liver glycogen in the 43/15 dietary group was found to be significantly higher than the 47/20 (3.89% vs 1.88%). The histological examinations revealed a trend for increased lipid deposition when fish were fed high fat diets. Diets that performed best, namely 43/15 and 43/20, were used in a second trial conducted at a commercial fish farm. Fish weighing 520g were reared for 7 months up to 1100 g final weight. No significant differences were observed in the growth parameters examined. The feed conversion ratio was found to be better in the 43/20 diet compared to the 43/15 (1.58 vs. 1.68, respectively). The dietary fat levels significantly affected fillet fat content. However, such difference in nutritional content was not reflected in human-perceived sensory differences. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. |
2016 |
Grigorakis, K; Alexi, N; Vasilaki, A; Giogios, I; Fountoulaki, E Chemical quality and sensory profile of the mediterranean farmed fish shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) as affected by its dietary protein/fat levels Journal Article Italian Journal of Animal Science, 15 (4), pp. 681–688, 2016, ISSN: 15944077, (Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.). @article{grigorakis_chemical_2016, title = {Chemical quality and sensory profile of the mediterranean farmed fish shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) as affected by its dietary protein/fat levels}, author = {K Grigorakis and N Alexi and A Vasilaki and I Giogios and E Fountoulaki}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996565541&doi=10.1080%2f1828051X.2016.1222890&partnerID=40&md5=991fee64ac8d2146e822844d0c584c62}, doi = {10.1080/1828051X.2016.1222890}, issn = {15944077}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-01-01}, journal = {Italian Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {681--688}, abstract = {Two groups of identically-reared shi drum,having received different diets (Group A: 45% protein and 16% fat and Group B: 48% protein and 12% fat),were compared for their yields and their chemical and sensory quality. They exhibited similar dressing and filleting yields,fat deposit and fillet composition. Differences were observed in the fillet fatty acids,with group B exhibiting higher 16:1ω-7,16:1ω-9,16:0,18:0,and total saturate contents. Their fillet volatile compounds also differed (group A,in particular,contained higher levels of carbonyl-compounds). A triangle test revealed that the two shi drum groups were perceived as sensory different. A Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) test showed that group A (high dietary lipids) was perceived as having a significantly higher ‘fish oil’ aroma,hardness and elasticity,while group B was characterised mainly by higher ‘sweet taste’,higher ‘hay’ and ‘fresh seaweed’ aroma and ‘crab/prawn’ flavour. © 2016 The Author(s).}, note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Two groups of identically-reared shi drum,having received different diets (Group A: 45% protein and 16% fat and Group B: 48% protein and 12% fat),were compared for their yields and their chemical and sensory quality. They exhibited similar dressing and filleting yields,fat deposit and fillet composition. Differences were observed in the fillet fatty acids,with group B exhibiting higher 16:1ω-7,16:1ω-9,16:0,18:0,and total saturate contents. Their fillet volatile compounds also differed (group A,in particular,contained higher levels of carbonyl-compounds). A triangle test revealed that the two shi drum groups were perceived as sensory different. A Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) test showed that group A (high dietary lipids) was perceived as having a significantly higher ‘fish oil’ aroma,hardness and elasticity,while group B was characterised mainly by higher ‘sweet taste’,higher ‘hay’ and ‘fresh seaweed’ aroma and ‘crab/prawn’ flavour. © 2016 The Author(s). |
2015 |
Henry, M; Gasco, L; Piccolo, G; Fountoulaki, E Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future Journal Article Animal Feed Science and Technology, 203 (1), pp. 1–22, 2015, ISSN: 03778401, (Publisher: Elsevier B.V.). @article{henry_review_2015, title = {Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future}, author = {M Henry and L Gasco and G Piccolo and E Fountoulaki}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928339785&doi=10.1016%2fj.anifeedsci.2015.03.001&partnerID=40&md5=ca52f92d79e1c44dd55c764f9c79ff2b}, doi = {10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.001}, issn = {03778401}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {Animal Feed Science and Technology}, volume = {203}, number = {1}, pages = {1--22}, abstract = {The decrease in the availability and the increase in the prices of fishmeal and fish oil have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives for aquaculture feeds. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of fish, leave a small ecological footprint and have a limited need for arable land, may represent a good candidate. Over the last decade, studies of the replacement of fishmeal with insects in the diet of fish have emerged and the promising results have encouraged further research. The present review displays these results in tables and emphasizes the achievable dietary inclusion levels. It discusses the potential of locusts, grasshoppers, termites, yellow mealworms, Asiatic rhinoceros beetles, superworms, domesticated silkworms, common houseflies, common mosquitoes and black soldier flies for use as fishmeal and/or fish oil replacement in the fish diet. The review succinctly compares the composition of the insects with the requirements of the fish (proteins and amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals). This review also discusses the potential hurdles of using insects in fish feeds (toxicity of insects through bioaccumulation, deficiencies in amino acids or fatty acids, chitin content, palatability, digestibility), a nd the available ways of avoiding these drawbacks (control of the dietary substrate of insects in mass rearing units, manipulation of the diet of insects, mixture of dietary proteins, use of aquatic insects, processing of insect meal). Finally, it suggests paths worthy of future research on these new fishmeal alternatives. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The decrease in the availability and the increase in the prices of fishmeal and fish oil have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives for aquaculture feeds. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of fish, leave a small ecological footprint and have a limited need for arable land, may represent a good candidate. Over the last decade, studies of the replacement of fishmeal with insects in the diet of fish have emerged and the promising results have encouraged further research. The present review displays these results in tables and emphasizes the achievable dietary inclusion levels. It discusses the potential of locusts, grasshoppers, termites, yellow mealworms, Asiatic rhinoceros beetles, superworms, domesticated silkworms, common houseflies, common mosquitoes and black soldier flies for use as fishmeal and/or fish oil replacement in the fish diet. The review succinctly compares the composition of the insects with the requirements of the fish (proteins and amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals). This review also discusses the potential hurdles of using insects in fish feeds (toxicity of insects through bioaccumulation, deficiencies in amino acids or fatty acids, chitin content, palatability, digestibility), a nd the available ways of avoiding these drawbacks (control of the dietary substrate of insects in mass rearing units, manipulation of the diet of insects, mixture of dietary proteins, use of aquatic insects, processing of insect meal). Finally, it suggests paths worthy of future research on these new fishmeal alternatives. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. |
2014 |
Henry, Morgane; Fountoulaki, Eleni Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 37 (2), pp. 215–219, 2014, ISSN: 10504648. @article{henry_optimal_2014, title = {Optimal dietary protein/lipid ratio for improved immune status of a newly cultivated Mediterranean fish species, the shi drum Umbrina cirrosa, L.}, author = {Morgane Henry and Eleni Fountoulaki}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1050464814000370}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.005}, issn = {10504648}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-04-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Fish & Shellfish Immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {215--219}, abstract = {Shi drum is a new fish species recently cultivated in Greek fish farms. Its feeding requirements and health status must be determined in order to optimize its culture conditions. The present study looked at the effects of different dietary protein levels (47 or 52%) in combination with 3 lipid levels (10, 15 or 20%) on the immune system of juvenile shi drums. Most immune parameters assessed were affected by the dietary treatment. The ceruloplasmin activity, the whole blood respiratory burst activity, the serum myeloperoxidase activity, the antibacterial activity of serum lysozyme and the serum antiprotease activity all varied with the dietary protein/lipid ratio. In view of these results, the lowest dietary lipid level tested (10%) was optimal for the immune system of shi drum but a clear determination of the optimal dietary protein levels was not obtained as 47% reduced stress but also increased the ceruloplasmin response of the fish. A dietary lipid level of 10% lipids was recommended for optimal immune status of the fish. Dietary protein level of 47% seemed to give better immune responses but further study is needed to refine protein requirements. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Shi drum is a new fish species recently cultivated in Greek fish farms. Its feeding requirements and health status must be determined in order to optimize its culture conditions. The present study looked at the effects of different dietary protein levels (47 or 52%) in combination with 3 lipid levels (10, 15 or 20%) on the immune system of juvenile shi drums. Most immune parameters assessed were affected by the dietary treatment. The ceruloplasmin activity, the whole blood respiratory burst activity, the serum myeloperoxidase activity, the antibacterial activity of serum lysozyme and the serum antiprotease activity all varied with the dietary protein/lipid ratio. In view of these results, the lowest dietary lipid level tested (10%) was optimal for the immune system of shi drum but a clear determination of the optimal dietary protein levels was not obtained as 47% reduced stress but also increased the ceruloplasmin response of the fish. A dietary lipid level of 10% lipids was recommended for optimal immune status of the fish. Dietary protein level of 47% seemed to give better immune responses but further study is needed to refine protein requirements. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. |
2013 |
Rigos, G; Fountoulaki, E; Cotou, E; Dotsika, E; Dourala, N; Karacostas, I Aquaculture, 408-409 , pp. 15–19, 2013, ISSN: 00448486. @article{rigos_tissue_2013, title = {Tissue distribution and field evaluation of caprylic acid against natural infections of Sparicotyle chrysophrii in cage-reared gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata}, author = {G Rigos and E Fountoulaki and E Cotou and E Dotsika and N Dourala and I Karacostas}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879045591&doi=10.1016%2fj.aquaculture.2013.05.012&partnerID=40&md5=854d10cee3a90f6421a7cccebe7a7cc7}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.05.012}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {408-409}, pages = {15--19}, abstract = {The potential anthelmintic efficacy of dietary caprylic acid against the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii in cage-reared gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata was investigated in this study. The selection of caprylic acid dosing for the field trials was based on laboratory kinetic experiments performed at 20-21. °C water temperature. A single in-feed administration of 200 mg/kg fish showed a superior distribution profile compared to 100 mg/kg fish. Based on samplings performed from 0.5 to 24 h post administration, caprylic acid tissue levels were measured earlier and remained longer in gilthead sea bream serum, gills and skin after double dosing while they were significantly higher compared to low dosing tissue levels when measurable concentrations were observed at the same sampling points.Therapeutic application of caprylic acid was carried out for 60 d in two farming units with noticed S. chrysophrii infection and water temperature ranged from 15 to 22. °C. At the commence of the experiment in the first farm, prevalence (44-47%) and mean intensity (1.1-1.5 adults) of S. chrysophrii were low but both showed an increasing pattern while the experiment was progressing. At the final sampling, mean intensity was significantly reduced in fish treated with caprylic acid (6. ±. 2.6 vs 14.1. ±. 3.1), while growth remained unaffected. A higher infestation with S. chrysophrii was already established at the initiation of therapy in the second farm. Prevalence was 100% in both groups and intensity reached values up to 17 adults. Both parameters remained at high levels 30 and 60 d after the start of the trial. Growth and parasitic intensity between experimental groups were not significantly affected by caprylic acid treatment during the 2-month medication period.It is concluded that a dietary dosing of 200 mg caprylic acid/kg for 60 d can significantly affect S. chrysophrii intensity in cage-reared gilthead sea bream when treatment is implemented at the first disease stages. It is thus recommended that the progress of the disease should be continuously monitored in the farmed population during the production cycle and administration of caprylic acid should be initiated prior to the development of the infection. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The potential anthelmintic efficacy of dietary caprylic acid against the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii in cage-reared gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata was investigated in this study. The selection of caprylic acid dosing for the field trials was based on laboratory kinetic experiments performed at 20-21. °C water temperature. A single in-feed administration of 200 mg/kg fish showed a superior distribution profile compared to 100 mg/kg fish. Based on samplings performed from 0.5 to 24 h post administration, caprylic acid tissue levels were measured earlier and remained longer in gilthead sea bream serum, gills and skin after double dosing while they were significantly higher compared to low dosing tissue levels when measurable concentrations were observed at the same sampling points.Therapeutic application of caprylic acid was carried out for 60 d in two farming units with noticed S. chrysophrii infection and water temperature ranged from 15 to 22. °C. At the commence of the experiment in the first farm, prevalence (44-47%) and mean intensity (1.1-1.5 adults) of S. chrysophrii were low but both showed an increasing pattern while the experiment was progressing. At the final sampling, mean intensity was significantly reduced in fish treated with caprylic acid (6. ±. 2.6 vs 14.1. ±. 3.1), while growth remained unaffected. A higher infestation with S. chrysophrii was already established at the initiation of therapy in the second farm. Prevalence was 100% in both groups and intensity reached values up to 17 adults. Both parameters remained at high levels 30 and 60 d after the start of the trial. Growth and parasitic intensity between experimental groups were not significantly affected by caprylic acid treatment during the 2-month medication period.It is concluded that a dietary dosing of 200 mg caprylic acid/kg for 60 d can significantly affect S. chrysophrii intensity in cage-reared gilthead sea bream when treatment is implemented at the first disease stages. It is thus recommended that the progress of the disease should be continuously monitored in the farmed population during the production cycle and administration of caprylic acid should be initiated prior to the development of the infection. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. |
2012 |
Rigos, G; Grigorakis, K; Koutsodimou, M; Gialamas, I; Fountoulaki, E; Nengas, I Comparison of muscle fatty acid and vitamin composition between wild and farmed common dentex (Dentex dentex) Journal Article Journal of Biological Research, 17 , pp. 26 – 32, 2012. @article{rigos_comparison_2012, title = {Comparison of muscle fatty acid and vitamin composition between wild and farmed common dentex (Dentex dentex)}, author = {G Rigos and K Grigorakis and M Koutsodimou and I Gialamas and E Fountoulaki and I Nengas}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858042535&partnerID=40&md5=001320c7330637a361286fd2529b6de2}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Biological Research}, volume = {17}, pages = {26 -- 32}, abstract = {The present study was carried out to compare the tissue composition of wild and farmed common dentex (Dentex dentex) and the major nutrients in order to further explore the dietary requirements of this species. Wild (41±14 g) and farmed (10±2 g) fish were analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile and vitamin C and E muscle and liver content. The fat content of the farmed population was almost six times higher than that measured in wild fish at the expense of water content. There were no significant differences in the protein and ash content between the two populations. The vitamin C content was insignificantly lower in wild fish liver while differences were significant in muscle compared to their farmed conspecifics. Vitamin E concentration was found to be significantly higher in both examined tissues of the farmed fish. The fatty acid profiles were different between the wild and farmed individuals. Wild fish livers were significantly richer in ̂-6 fatty acids, poorer in total monounsaturates (MUFA), but no differences were observed for total polyunsaturates (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). As regards muscle tissues, farmed fish were found to contain higher 22:6̂3 levels but significantly lower 16:1̂7 and 18:1̂9 levels than the wild ones. The information given by the present study should be evaluated for the further improvement of common dentex diets.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The present study was carried out to compare the tissue composition of wild and farmed common dentex (Dentex dentex) and the major nutrients in order to further explore the dietary requirements of this species. Wild (41±14 g) and farmed (10±2 g) fish were analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile and vitamin C and E muscle and liver content. The fat content of the farmed population was almost six times higher than that measured in wild fish at the expense of water content. There were no significant differences in the protein and ash content between the two populations. The vitamin C content was insignificantly lower in wild fish liver while differences were significant in muscle compared to their farmed conspecifics. Vitamin E concentration was found to be significantly higher in both examined tissues of the farmed fish. The fatty acid profiles were different between the wild and farmed individuals. Wild fish livers were significantly richer in ̂-6 fatty acids, poorer in total monounsaturates (MUFA), but no differences were observed for total polyunsaturates (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). As regards muscle tissues, farmed fish were found to contain higher 22:6̂3 levels but significantly lower 16:1̂7 and 18:1̂9 levels than the wild ones. The information given by the present study should be evaluated for the further improvement of common dentex diets. |
2011 |
Tsangaris, Catherine; Vergolyas, Maya; Fountoulaki, Eleni; Nizheradze, Konstantin Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarker Responses in Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) From a Polluted Environment in Saronikos Gulf, Greece Journal Article Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61 (3), pp. 482–490, 2011, ISSN: 0090-4341, 1432-0703. @article{tsangaris_oxidative_2011, title = {Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarker Responses in Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) From a Polluted Environment in Saronikos Gulf, Greece}, author = {Catherine Tsangaris and Maya Vergolyas and Eleni Fountoulaki and Konstantin Nizheradze}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00244-010-9629-8}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-010-9629-8}, issn = {0090-4341, 1432-0703}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-10-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {482--490}, abstract = {This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers in grey mullet Mugil cephalus from a site receiving discharges from industrial and harbor activities and a reference site in Saronikos Gulf, Greece. Cellular antioxidant defenses, i.e., antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, selenium [Se]-dependent glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) and oxidative damage, i.e., lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The micronucleus test was used for evaluation of chromosome damage, and the frequency of cells with double nuclei was used as an indication of damage to cell divisions. Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. This is further supported by the higher lipid peroxidation levels in fish from the polluted site, which represent oxidative damage. Micronuclei and double-nuclei frequencies were higher in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, indicating genotoxic effects. Correlations between biomarkers suggest that observed effects were due to contaminants exhibiting oxidative stress potential that can also induce genotoxicity. Results suggest that the selected biomarkers in M. cephalus are useful for the assessment of pollution impacts in coastal environments influenced by multiple pollution sources. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers in grey mullet Mugil cephalus from a site receiving discharges from industrial and harbor activities and a reference site in Saronikos Gulf, Greece. Cellular antioxidant defenses, i.e., antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, selenium [Se]-dependent glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) and oxidative damage, i.e., lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The micronucleus test was used for evaluation of chromosome damage, and the frequency of cells with double nuclei was used as an indication of damage to cell divisions. Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. This is further supported by the higher lipid peroxidation levels in fish from the polluted site, which represent oxidative damage. Micronuclei and double-nuclei frequencies were higher in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, indicating genotoxic effects. Correlations between biomarkers suggest that observed effects were due to contaminants exhibiting oxidative stress potential that can also induce genotoxicity. Results suggest that the selected biomarkers in M. cephalus are useful for the assessment of pollution impacts in coastal environments influenced by multiple pollution sources. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. |
Grigorakis, Kriton; Fountoulaki, Eleni; Vasilaki, Antigoni; Mittakos, Ioannis; Nathanailides, Cosmas Lipid quality and filleting yield of reared meagre (Argyrosomus regius): Lipid quality & filleting yield of reared meagre Journal Article International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 46 (4), pp. 711–716, 2011, ISSN: 09505423. @article{grigorakis_lipid_2011, title = {Lipid quality and filleting yield of reared meagre (Argyrosomus regius): Lipid quality & filleting yield of reared meagre}, author = {Kriton Grigorakis and Eleni Fountoulaki and Antigoni Vasilaki and Ioannis Mittakos and Cosmas Nathanailides}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02537.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02537.x}, issn = {09505423}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-04-01}, urldate = {2020-08-10}, journal = {International Journal of Food Science & Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {711--716}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Nikolopoulou, D; Moutou, K A; Fountoulaki, E; Venou, B; Adamidou, S; Alexis, M N Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 158 (4), pp. 406–414, 2011, ISSN: 10956433. @article{nikolopoulou_patterns_2011, title = {Patterns of gastric evacuation, digesta characteristics and pH changes along the gastrointestinal tract of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)}, author = {D Nikolopoulou and K A Moutou and E Fountoulaki and B Venou and S Adamidou and M N Alexis}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1095643310005428}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.021}, issn = {10956433}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-04-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology}, volume = {158}, number = {4}, pages = {406--414}, abstract = {A comparative study of gastric evacuation rates (GERs) and digesta content, moisture and pH values along the gastrointestinal tract was performed between gilthead sea bream and European sea bass. In order to distinguish species-specific differences from diet-elicited effects, all parameters were determined under either a fishmeal diet or a carob seed germ meal diet that contained high levels of total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides. GERs were significantly different between species and they were not affected by diet. Similarly, species-specific patterns were revealed in the distribution of digesta and water content along the gastrointestinal tract. In sea bream, stomach digesta and water content decreased with time, whereas in sea bass stomach retained the highest digesta and water content throughout the sampling period. The anterior and distal intestine exhibited the lowest accommodating capacities of digesta and water in either species. Overall, sea bream performed stomach digestion at lower hydration levels and higher pH compared with sea bass. Diet affected stomach moisture in both species and pH of stomach digesta in sea bass and of all intestinal sections in sea bream. The results obtained indicated that water and inorganic ion exchanges through the gut may differentiate between the species and warrant further investigation. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A comparative study of gastric evacuation rates (GERs) and digesta content, moisture and pH values along the gastrointestinal tract was performed between gilthead sea bream and European sea bass. In order to distinguish species-specific differences from diet-elicited effects, all parameters were determined under either a fishmeal diet or a carob seed germ meal diet that contained high levels of total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides. GERs were significantly different between species and they were not affected by diet. Similarly, species-specific patterns were revealed in the distribution of digesta and water content along the gastrointestinal tract. In sea bream, stomach digesta and water content decreased with time, whereas in sea bass stomach retained the highest digesta and water content throughout the sampling period. The anterior and distal intestine exhibited the lowest accommodating capacities of digesta and water in either species. Overall, sea bream performed stomach digestion at lower hydration levels and higher pH compared with sea bass. Diet affected stomach moisture in both species and pH of stomach digesta in sea bass and of all intestinal sections in sea bream. The results obtained indicated that water and inorganic ion exchanges through the gut may differentiate between the species and warrant further investigation. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. |
Adamidou, S; Rigos, G; Mente, E; Nengas, I; Fountoulaki, E The effects of dietary lipid and fibre levels on digestibility of diet and on the growth performance of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) Journal Article Mediterranean Marine Science, 12 , pp. 401 – 412, 2011. @article{adamidou_effects_2011-1, title = {The effects of dietary lipid and fibre levels on digestibility of diet and on the growth performance of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo)}, author = {S Adamidou and G Rigos and E Mente and I Nengas and E Fountoulaki}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856727259&partnerID=40&md5=402acf665b4a1832504fc7b3103ee72a}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Mediterranean Marine Science}, volume = {12}, pages = {401 -- 412}, abstract = {In the present study, sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) were fed three experimental isonitrogenous diets composed of 45 g 100g -1 protein and varying lipid and fibre contents as follows: diet A: 45/10/1.5, B: 45/15/1.5 and C: 45/15/5. The effects of the diet composition were investigated by measuring digestibility, growth, carcass composition and haematological parameters. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, measured at high (26°C) and low (16°C) water temperatures in laboratory conditions, were not affected by the diet or temperature treatments. Growth was evaluated in a seven-month trial using animals held in sea cages. The specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant differences among the treatments while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved in the fish that were fed a low-fat diet. A significant increase in body fat was detected in the fish that were fed high-fat diets. The blood serum total lipid levels were elevated for the fish that were fed diet C. In conclusion, a diet containing a protein/ fat/fibre ratio of 45/10/1.5 g 100 g -1 can result in satisfactory growth and an improved FCR value when compared with diets with higher fat and/or fibre levels, demonstrating that the required fat level for sharpsnout seabream is lower than 15 g 100 g -1.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In the present study, sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) were fed three experimental isonitrogenous diets composed of 45 g 100g -1 protein and varying lipid and fibre contents as follows: diet A: 45/10/1.5, B: 45/15/1.5 and C: 45/15/5. The effects of the diet composition were investigated by measuring digestibility, growth, carcass composition and haematological parameters. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, measured at high (26°C) and low (16°C) water temperatures in laboratory conditions, were not affected by the diet or temperature treatments. Growth was evaluated in a seven-month trial using animals held in sea cages. The specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant differences among the treatments while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved in the fish that were fed a low-fat diet. A significant increase in body fat was detected in the fish that were fed high-fat diets. The blood serum total lipid levels were elevated for the fish that were fed diet C. In conclusion, a diet containing a protein/ fat/fibre ratio of 45/10/1.5 g 100 g -1 can result in satisfactory growth and an improved FCR value when compared with diets with higher fat and/or fibre levels, demonstrating that the required fat level for sharpsnout seabream is lower than 15 g 100 g -1. |
Tsangaris, C; Vergolyas, M; Fountoulaki, E; Goncharuk, V V Genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in Carassius gibelio as endpoints for toxicity testing of Ukrainian polluted river waters Journal Article Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74 , pp. 2240 – 2244, 2011. @article{tsangaris_genotoxicity_2011, title = {Genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in Carassius gibelio as endpoints for toxicity testing of Ukrainian polluted river waters}, author = {C Tsangaris and M Vergolyas and E Fountoulaki and V V Goncharuk}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80755136566&partnerID=40&md5=0f5064cde171a48b36fb241b678e51b6}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety}, volume = {74}, pages = {2240 -- 2244}, abstract = {This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers in Prussian carp Carassius gibelio laboratory-exposed to water from polluted Ukrainian rivers in order to evaluate their usefulness as endpoints in a short-term bioassay for toxicity testing of freshwaters. The micronucleus (MN) test and the frequency of cells with double nuclei (DN) in erythrocytes and gill cells were used as indicators of chromosome aberrations and abnormalities in cell divisions, respectively. Cellular antioxidant defenses i.e. antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, total glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and oxidative damage, i.e. lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in the fish liver were used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Exposure to the polluted river water samples for 96. h resulted in significantly increased MN and DN frequencies, limited increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and no changes in lipid peroxidation. Results suggest that MN and DN frequencies in C gibelio are useful endpoints in a short-term bioassay for genotoxicity testing of environmental water samples in contrast to the oxidative stress biomarkers applied that showed low potential for assessing sublethal effects after a 96. h exposure. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers in Prussian carp Carassius gibelio laboratory-exposed to water from polluted Ukrainian rivers in order to evaluate their usefulness as endpoints in a short-term bioassay for toxicity testing of freshwaters. The micronucleus (MN) test and the frequency of cells with double nuclei (DN) in erythrocytes and gill cells were used as indicators of chromosome aberrations and abnormalities in cell divisions, respectively. Cellular antioxidant defenses i.e. antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, total glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and oxidative damage, i.e. lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in the fish liver were used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Exposure to the polluted river water samples for 96. h resulted in significantly increased MN and DN frequencies, limited increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and no changes in lipid peroxidation. Results suggest that MN and DN frequencies in C gibelio are useful endpoints in a short-term bioassay for genotoxicity testing of environmental water samples in contrast to the oxidative stress biomarkers applied that showed low potential for assessing sublethal effects after a 96. h exposure. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. |
2010 |
Mente, E; Davidson, I; Karapanagiotidis, I T; Fountoulaki, E; Nengas, I Amino acid analysis in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Brachyura) Journal Article Journal of Crustacean Biology, 30 , pp. 643 – 650, 2010. @article{mente_amino_2010, title = {Amino acid analysis in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Brachyura)}, author = {E Mente and I Davidson and I T Karapanagiotidis and E Fountoulaki and I Nengas}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78449295763&partnerID=40&md5=fea02eee02b3a53c29e55e7390bd6eef}, doi = {10.1651/09-3258.1}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Crustacean Biology}, volume = {30}, pages = {643 -- 650}, abstract = {Although amino acid flux models have been developed in fish and other crustaceans, this is the first study to present an amino acid flux model for crabs. This study investigates the influence of different feeds and the deprivation of food on the free amino acid (FAA) pool, the rate of protein turnover and their relation to the growth and flux of amino acids in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. A model was developed for amino acid flux describing food consumption rates, assimilation rates, protein synthesis rates, growth and protein degradation, and losses. Crabs were fed frozen mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue (Diet 1) or (fresh) white muscle from salmon (Salmo salar) (Diet 2) at 7% of their body weight per day while other crabs were starved for ten days. In the starved crabs, the amino acids partitioned into protein synthesis made up 36% of the free amino acid pool. There was a 50% reduction in the rate of protein synthesis in the starved crabs compared with the fed crabs. It was estimated that daily dietary amino acid intake might compose up to seven times the crabs’ FAA pool. In addition, daily protein synthesis and degradation might respectively remove and return the equivalent of up to 4 times and twice the size of the FAA pool in the fed crabs, respectively. Specimens of C. maenas deposited in body proteins (as net growth) 14% in diet 1 and 40% in diet 2 of their amino acid consumption. The amino acid flux in the fed crabs suggested low protein conversion efficiency compared to other decapod crustaceans, including shrimps and lobsters. © 2010 The Crustacean Society.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Although amino acid flux models have been developed in fish and other crustaceans, this is the first study to present an amino acid flux model for crabs. This study investigates the influence of different feeds and the deprivation of food on the free amino acid (FAA) pool, the rate of protein turnover and their relation to the growth and flux of amino acids in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. A model was developed for amino acid flux describing food consumption rates, assimilation rates, protein synthesis rates, growth and protein degradation, and losses. Crabs were fed frozen mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue (Diet 1) or (fresh) white muscle from salmon (Salmo salar) (Diet 2) at 7% of their body weight per day while other crabs were starved for ten days. In the starved crabs, the amino acids partitioned into protein synthesis made up 36% of the free amino acid pool. There was a 50% reduction in the rate of protein synthesis in the starved crabs compared with the fed crabs. It was estimated that daily dietary amino acid intake might compose up to seven times the crabs’ FAA pool. In addition, daily protein synthesis and degradation might respectively remove and return the equivalent of up to 4 times and twice the size of the FAA pool in the fed crabs, respectively. Specimens of C. maenas deposited in body proteins (as net growth) 14% in diet 1 and 40% in diet 2 of their amino acid consumption. The amino acid flux in the fed crabs suggested low protein conversion efficiency compared to other decapod crustaceans, including shrimps and lobsters. © 2010 The Crustacean Society. |
Fountoulaki, E; Henry, M; Rigos, G; Vasilaki, A; Mente, E; Sweetman, J; Nengas, I Evaluation of zinc supplementation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenile diets Journal Article Aquaculture Research, 41 , pp. e208 – e216, 2010. @article{fountoulaki_evaluation_2010, title = {Evaluation of zinc supplementation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenile diets}, author = {E Fountoulaki and M Henry and G Rigos and A Vasilaki and E Mente and J Sweetman and I Nengas}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955955157&partnerID=40&md5=998c56a51dbd36e139c6f19395287c12}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02503.x}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture Research}, volume = {41}, pages = {e208 -- e216}, abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the effect of increased zinc dietary levels on the growth performance, feed utilization, immune status and induced wound healing in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish weighing 10 g were fed five diets containing organic zinc at 30, 70, 110 and 150 mg kg -1 diet and one inorganic zinc source (zinc oxide) at 150 mg kg -1 diet for a period of 12 weeks. No significant (P>0.05) differences were found in the growth performance parameters (final weight, specific growth rate), immunological indices tested (respiratory burst activity in whole blood) and the wound-healing process. Zinc accumulation in the skin, vertebrae and liver increased significantly (P<0.01) with increased dietary zinc levels but not in muscle. The highest zinc concentrations were obtained in skin tissue, followed by vertebrae, liver and muscle tissue. Using the concentration of zinc in skin as a response criterion, broken-line analysis showed that the supplementation of 148 mg organic Zn kg -1 diet seemed to be the optimum dietary zinc supplementation level for sea bass juveniles. © 2010 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This study aimed to investigate the effect of increased zinc dietary levels on the growth performance, feed utilization, immune status and induced wound healing in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish weighing 10 g were fed five diets containing organic zinc at 30, 70, 110 and 150 mg kg -1 diet and one inorganic zinc source (zinc oxide) at 150 mg kg -1 diet for a period of 12 weeks. No significant (P>0.05) differences were found in the growth performance parameters (final weight, specific growth rate), immunological indices tested (respiratory burst activity in whole blood) and the wound-healing process. Zinc accumulation in the skin, vertebrae and liver increased significantly (P<0.01) with increased dietary zinc levels but not in muscle. The highest zinc concentrations were obtained in skin tissue, followed by vertebrae, liver and muscle tissue. Using the concentration of zinc in skin as a response criterion, broken-line analysis showed that the supplementation of 148 mg organic Zn kg -1 diet seemed to be the optimum dietary zinc supplementation level for sea bass juveniles. © 2010 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |
Hurtado-Rodríguez, R; Fountoulaki, E; Grigorakis, K; Alexis, M; Flos, R Season and size effects: Changes in the quality of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) Journal Article Mediterranean Marine Science, 11 , pp. 117 – 131, 2010. @article{hurtado-rodriguez_season_2010, title = {Season and size effects: Changes in the quality of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)}, author = {R Hurtado-Rodríguez and E Fountoulaki and K Grigorakis and M Alexis and R Flos}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79955955147&partnerID=40&md5=b9c58dc97971c47d9030775b14e11928}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.95}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Mediterranean Marine Science}, volume = {11}, pages = {117 -- 131}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of the harvesting season and fish size on the final quality of cage-farmed’ gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Morphometric analysis, fat store estimation, fillet composition analysis, fillet fatty acids profile determination and sensory analysis were carried out on a commercially-sized cage farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) population in April, June, July and November. Both season and size had a significant effect in morphometric characteristics. The most pronounced size effect was the change of fish shape, becoming rounder with fish growth, the increase of filleting yield and condition index. An increase of both peritoneal and perivisceral fat was observed in summer months. In general, size had little effect on muscle composition. A significant size effect was observed in the fillet lipid content, which increased with it. Fillet lipid content was unexpectedly lower in the warm period (June-July). This can be possibly attributed to feeding restrictions that may have occurred, due to anoxic incidents related to high temperatures. Slight seasonal differentiations occurred in the muscle fatty acids. No significant differences were found in the organoleptic characteristics of the two size groups compared.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of the harvesting season and fish size on the final quality of cage-farmed’ gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Morphometric analysis, fat store estimation, fillet composition analysis, fillet fatty acids profile determination and sensory analysis were carried out on a commercially-sized cage farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) population in April, June, July and November. Both season and size had a significant effect in morphometric characteristics. The most pronounced size effect was the change of fish shape, becoming rounder with fish growth, the increase of filleting yield and condition index. An increase of both peritoneal and perivisceral fat was observed in summer months. In general, size had little effect on muscle composition. A significant size effect was observed in the fillet lipid content, which increased with it. Fillet lipid content was unexpectedly lower in the warm period (June-July). This can be possibly attributed to feeding restrictions that may have occurred, due to anoxic incidents related to high temperatures. Slight seasonal differentiations occurred in the muscle fatty acids. No significant differences were found in the organoleptic characteristics of the two size groups compared. |
Rigos, G; Samartzis, A; Henry, M; Fountoulaki, E; Cotou, E; Sweetman, J; Davies, S; Nengas, I Effects of additive iron on growth, tissue distribution, haematology and immunology of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata Journal Article Aquaculture International, 18 , pp. 1093 – 1104, 2010. @article{rigos_effects_2010, title = {Effects of additive iron on growth, tissue distribution, haematology and immunology of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata}, author = {G Rigos and A Samartzis and M Henry and E Fountoulaki and E Cotou and J Sweetman and S Davies and I Nengas}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957281268&partnerID=40&md5=cb00eeaf070421b4b6c73322441a8834}, doi = {10.1007/s10499-010-9326-7}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture International}, volume = {18}, pages = {1093 -- 1104}, abstract = {The comparative effects of iron-supplemented levels on growth, tissue distribution, haematology and immunology of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (2 g) were investigated, using four organic (50, 100, 200, 300 mg ORG/kg diet) and one inorganic iron source (200 INOR mg/kg diet). Fish were treated for 12 weeks with the experimental diets and maintained at a water temperature of 19-22°C. Growth (final weight and specific growth rate), tissue distribution (spleen, liver and muscle), haematological parameters (red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) and non-specific immune indexes (respiratory burst activity and antibacterial activity of serum) were analysed. No significant differences were found in growth and iron tissue distribution among the tested groups. Red blood cell counting was statistically higher in fish given 50 ORG, 100 ORG, 200 ORG and 200 INOR feeds. However, haematocrit, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were not significantly affected by increasing dietary iron. Fish receiving the 100 ORG diet had the best performance with respect to the respiratory burst activity and significantly higher values for antibacterial activity of serum were obtained in fish fed with the 300 ORG diet. The present findings provided no clear evidence of the optimum iron concentration. However, there was adequate indication that iron supplementation enhanced the performance of gilthead sea bream, mainly from a haematological and immunological point of view. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The comparative effects of iron-supplemented levels on growth, tissue distribution, haematology and immunology of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (2 g) were investigated, using four organic (50, 100, 200, 300 mg ORG/kg diet) and one inorganic iron source (200 INOR mg/kg diet). Fish were treated for 12 weeks with the experimental diets and maintained at a water temperature of 19-22°C. Growth (final weight and specific growth rate), tissue distribution (spleen, liver and muscle), haematological parameters (red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) and non-specific immune indexes (respiratory burst activity and antibacterial activity of serum) were analysed. No significant differences were found in growth and iron tissue distribution among the tested groups. Red blood cell counting was statistically higher in fish given 50 ORG, 100 ORG, 200 ORG and 200 INOR feeds. However, haematocrit, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were not significantly affected by increasing dietary iron. Fish receiving the 100 ORG diet had the best performance with respect to the respiratory burst activity and significantly higher values for antibacterial activity of serum were obtained in fish fed with the 300 ORG diet. The present findings provided no clear evidence of the optimum iron concentration. However, there was adequate indication that iron supplementation enhanced the performance of gilthead sea bream, mainly from a haematological and immunological point of view. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. |
2009 |
Venou, B; Alexis, M N; Fountoulaki, E; Haralabous, J Performance factors, body composition and digestion characteristics of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed pelleted or extruded diets Journal Article Aquaculture Nutrition, 15 (4), pp. 390–401, 2009, ISSN: 13535773, 13652095. @article{venou_performance_2009, title = {Performance factors, body composition and digestion characteristics of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed pelleted or extruded diets}, author = {B Venou and M N Alexis and E Fountoulaki and J Haralabous}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00603.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00603.x}, issn = {13535773, 13652095}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-08-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Aquaculture Nutrition}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {390--401}, abstract = {The effects of steam pelleting or extrusion of a commercial feed on performance of 2 g (small) and 40 g (large) gilthead sea bream was studied. In addition the apparent digestibility of diets, gastric evacuation time (GET) and trypsin and amylase activities were measured in large fish. Fish size significantly increased protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid, liver glycogen and liver lipid, however decreased daily growth index, feed intake and feed utilization, body moisture and hepatosomatic index. Extrusion processing decreased feed intake, more strongly for small fish, and increased daily growth index, feed utilization, protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid. Digestibility of starch and energy increased with extrusion and GET of extruded feed was double that of steam-pelleted conditioned feed (i.e. 544 min versus 284 min). Digestive enzyme activities approached maximum values after 240 min for the pelleted diet, while those of the extruded continued to increase, at higher rates for amylase than trypsin. Pelleted diet indicated higher moisture for stomach digesta, while the moisture of the intestinal precipitate indicated a higher water-binding capacity for the extruded diet. The overall results indicate a better assimilation of the extruded diet, which could result from its prolonged gastric evacuation. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The effects of steam pelleting or extrusion of a commercial feed on performance of 2 g (small) and 40 g (large) gilthead sea bream was studied. In addition the apparent digestibility of diets, gastric evacuation time (GET) and trypsin and amylase activities were measured in large fish. Fish size significantly increased protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid, liver glycogen and liver lipid, however decreased daily growth index, feed intake and feed utilization, body moisture and hepatosomatic index. Extrusion processing decreased feed intake, more strongly for small fish, and increased daily growth index, feed utilization, protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid. Digestibility of starch and energy increased with extrusion and GET of extruded feed was double that of steam-pelleted conditioned feed (i.e. 544 min versus 284 min). Digestive enzyme activities approached maximum values after 240 min for the pelleted diet, while those of the extruded continued to increase, at higher rates for amylase than trypsin. Pelleted diet indicated higher moisture for stomach digesta, while the moisture of the intestinal precipitate indicated a higher water-binding capacity for the extruded diet. The overall results indicate a better assimilation of the extruded diet, which could result from its prolonged gastric evacuation. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |
Grigorakis, K; Fountoulaki, E; Giogios, I; Alexis, M N Volatile compounds and organoleptic qualities of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed commercial diets containing different lipid sources Journal Article Aquaculture, 290 (1-2), pp. 116–121, 2009, ISSN: 00448486. @article{grigorakis_volatile_2009, title = {Volatile compounds and organoleptic qualities of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed commercial diets containing different lipid sources}, author = {K Grigorakis and E Fountoulaki and I Giogios and M N Alexis}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848609001409}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.006}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-05-01}, urldate = {2020-08-10}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {290}, number = {1-2}, pages = {116--121}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Tzovenis, I; Fountoulaki, E; Dolapsakis, N; Kotzamanis, I; Nengas, I; Bitis, I; Cladas, Y; Economou-Amilli, A Screening for marine nanoplanktic microalgae from Greek coastal lagoons (Ionian Sea) for use in mariculture Journal Article Journal of Applied Phycology, 21 (4), pp. 457–469, 2009, ISSN: 09218971. @article{tzovenis_screening_2009, title = {Screening for marine nanoplanktic microalgae from Greek coastal lagoons (Ionian Sea) for use in mariculture}, author = {I Tzovenis and E Fountoulaki and N Dolapsakis and I Kotzamanis and I Nengas and I Bitis and Y Cladas and A Economou-Amilli}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349687384&doi=10.1007%2fs10811-008-9393-6&partnerID=40&md5=3f5000759e0601a3fd697f886a2f6ac3}, doi = {10.1007/s10811-008-9393-6}, issn = {09218971}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Applied Phycology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {457--469}, abstract = {Mediterranean mariculture uses imported strains of marine phytoplankton, raising questions of ecological risk and ability to adapt to local conditions for mass culture outdoors. In this context, we report here on the mass-culture potential and chemical composition of six strains of Prasinophyceae (five strains of Tetraselmis sp. and one Pyramimonas sp.) isolated from a Greek coastal lagoon. Proximate composition had a pattern of 10-20% ash, 35-65% protein, 6-10% lipids, and 25-45% other organics including carbohydrates. The amino acid profiles were typical for the marine representatives of the class. All strains had a high PUFA content with dominant the ω3 fraction in four of them. The fatty acid profiles indicated a Tetraselmis strain with high EPA (14%) and a Pyramimonas strain with high DHA (6%). These strains might be a good alternative for the common commercial strains used in Mediterranean aquaculture. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Mediterranean mariculture uses imported strains of marine phytoplankton, raising questions of ecological risk and ability to adapt to local conditions for mass culture outdoors. In this context, we report here on the mass-culture potential and chemical composition of six strains of Prasinophyceae (five strains of Tetraselmis sp. and one Pyramimonas sp.) isolated from a Greek coastal lagoon. Proximate composition had a pattern of 10-20% ash, 35-65% protein, 6-10% lipids, and 25-45% other organics including carbohydrates. The amino acid profiles were typical for the marine representatives of the class. All strains had a high PUFA content with dominant the ω3 fraction in four of them. The fatty acid profiles indicated a Tetraselmis strain with high EPA (14%) and a Pyramimonas strain with high DHA (6%). These strains might be a good alternative for the common commercial strains used in Mediterranean aquaculture. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. |
Fountoulaki, E; Vasilaki, A; Hurtado, R; Grigorakis, K; Karacostas, I; Nengas, I; Rigos, G; Kotzamanis, Y; Venou, B; Alexis, M N Aquaculture, 289 (3-4), pp. 317–326, 2009, ISSN: 00448486. @article{fountoulaki_fish_2009, title = {Fish oil substitution by vegetable oils in commercial diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.); effects on growth performance, flesh quality and fillet fatty acid profile. Recovery of fatty acid profiles by a fish oil finishing diet under fluctuating water temperatures}, author = {E Fountoulaki and A Vasilaki and R Hurtado and K Grigorakis and I Karacostas and I Nengas and G Rigos and Y Kotzamanis and B Venou and M N Alexis}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61649088364&doi=10.1016%2fj.aquaculture.2009.01.023&partnerID=40&md5=e3b4d18877877d60dcd12caa1fda3f45}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.023}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {289}, number = {3-4}, pages = {317--326}, abstract = {The effects of long term feeding (6 months) of commercial diets with low fish meal content and high levels of vegetable oils (69% fish oil substitution level) were determined in gilthead sea bream (110 g). A control diet containing South American fish oil (FO) was evaluated against feeds with either soybean oil (SO), palm oil (PO) or rapeseed oil (RO). Afterwards, all fish were fed a fish oil finishing diet to determine the progressive recovery of the fillet fatty acid profiles. The results showed that growth and feed utilization in gilthead sea bream are not affected by fish oil substitution with soybean and rapeseed oil, contrary to palm oil inclusion. Flesh and liver docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA) contents were reduced to a lower degree than their reduction in the diet, whereas eicosapentaenoic (EPA) reduction was more pronounced in both tissues. Sensory analysis revealed no difference in the organoleptic characteristics of the dietary groups. However, low acceptance scores were calculated for all treated groups. No histological alterations were seen in gut tissue but liver of the PO group showed intense lipid accumulation. Re-feeding with a fish oil finishing diet for 120 days was not adequate for restoration of DHA, ArA and EPA. Linoleic (LA) and oleic acid (OA) were retained even after 120 days re-feeding with the fish oil diet. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The effects of long term feeding (6 months) of commercial diets with low fish meal content and high levels of vegetable oils (69% fish oil substitution level) were determined in gilthead sea bream (110 g). A control diet containing South American fish oil (FO) was evaluated against feeds with either soybean oil (SO), palm oil (PO) or rapeseed oil (RO). Afterwards, all fish were fed a fish oil finishing diet to determine the progressive recovery of the fillet fatty acid profiles. The results showed that growth and feed utilization in gilthead sea bream are not affected by fish oil substitution with soybean and rapeseed oil, contrary to palm oil inclusion. Flesh and liver docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA) contents were reduced to a lower degree than their reduction in the diet, whereas eicosapentaenoic (EPA) reduction was more pronounced in both tissues. Sensory analysis revealed no difference in the organoleptic characteristics of the dietary groups. However, low acceptance scores were calculated for all treated groups. No histological alterations were seen in gut tissue but liver of the PO group showed intense lipid accumulation. Re-feeding with a fish oil finishing diet for 120 days was not adequate for restoration of DHA, ArA and EPA. Linoleic (LA) and oleic acid (OA) were retained even after 120 days re-feeding with the fish oil diet. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
Henry, M; Alexis, M N; Fountoulaki, E; Nengas, I; Rigos, G Effects of a natural parasitical infection (Lernanthropus kroyeri) on the immune system of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L Journal Article Parasite Immunology, 31 , pp. 729 – 740, 2009. @article{henry_effects_2009, title = {Effects of a natural parasitical infection (Lernanthropus kroyeri) on the immune system of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L}, author = {M Henry and M N Alexis and E Fountoulaki and I Nengas and G Rigos}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71049186396&partnerID=40&md5=856f23a4caa21fd8ac2308babc61d401}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {31}, pages = {729 -- 740}, abstract = {The immune response of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to a natural infection by the copepod parasite Lernanthropus kroyeri was evaluated for the first time in vivo. The results clearly demonstrated the triggering of the fish immune system by the parasite. Lysozyme activity and alternative complement pathway were involved in the early action against the parasitical infection, whilst classical complement and respiratory burst (RB) activity took over in the later stages of infection. It was hypothesized that the levels of alternative and classical complement and RB stimulation indexes may determine the resistance capacity of the fish to the parasite. It is not clear how parasites can survive despite the strong immunological arsenal deployed by the fish. The continual increase of prevalence and severity of parasite infection suggested that the parasite’s mechanism of evasion of the immune system was extremely successful. The contrasting decrease in the negative effects of parasites on the fish health (such as gills anaemia) suggested that an equilibrium between the parasites and their hosts was reached in chronic infection. These dynamic interactions between parasites and fish hosts were probably the main determinant of host specificity. © 2009 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The immune response of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to a natural infection by the copepod parasite Lernanthropus kroyeri was evaluated for the first time in vivo. The results clearly demonstrated the triggering of the fish immune system by the parasite. Lysozyme activity and alternative complement pathway were involved in the early action against the parasitical infection, whilst classical complement and respiratory burst (RB) activity took over in the later stages of infection. It was hypothesized that the levels of alternative and classical complement and RB stimulation indexes may determine the resistance capacity of the fish to the parasite. It is not clear how parasites can survive despite the strong immunological arsenal deployed by the fish. The continual increase of prevalence and severity of parasite infection suggested that the parasite’s mechanism of evasion of the immune system was extremely successful. The contrasting decrease in the negative effects of parasites on the fish health (such as gills anaemia) suggested that an equilibrium between the parasites and their hosts was reached in chronic infection. These dynamic interactions between parasites and fish hosts were probably the main determinant of host specificity. © 2009 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. |
Adamidou, S; Nengas, I; Alexis, M; Foundoulaki, E; Nikolopoulou, D; Campbell, P; Karacostas, I; Rigos, G; Bell, G J; Jauncey, K Aquaculture, 289 , pp. 106 – 112, 2009. @article{adamidou_apparent_2009, title = {Apparent nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation time in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets containing different levels of legumes}, author = {S Adamidou and I Nengas and M Alexis and E Foundoulaki and D Nikolopoulou and P Campbell and I Karacostas and G Rigos and G J Bell and K Jauncey}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-61749084045&partnerID=40&md5=3afa8a0e5913361f83ec7758e214a18a}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {289}, pages = {106 -- 112}, abstract = {Nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation time for diets containing two levels of legumes were determined in European seabass (initial wt. 150 g). Seven isonitrogenous (44 g crude protein 100 g - 1) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g - 1) extruded diets were tested. Experimental diets contained 15 g or 30 g 100 g - 1 of each legume including faba bean meal, (FB15, FB30), chickpea meal (CP15, CP30), field pea meal (FP15, FP30) and a control, wheat meal containing, diet. Inclusion of faba beans in diets significantly enhanced apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dietary protein and energy at both inclusion levels. Starch digestibility was significantly lower for the control and FP30 diet and significantly higher for the FB15 diet. Fat digestibility coefficients were elevated significantly for FB15, FB30, CP15, FP15 and FP30 diets, compared to the CP30 and the control diet. The incorporation of faba bean and chickpea greatly affected gastrointestinal evacuation time compared to fish fed the control diet. Longer passage times were observed when these legumes were included in the diet. Glucose serum peak value was delayed for FB30 and a slower decreasing rate was observed for the legume diets. The addition of legumes had a positive effect on physical properties of the pellets by increasing the hardness while water activity remained within the safety limits. The findings of this study suggest that the legumes tested are potential candidates for carbohydrate replacement (wheat) and, to a lesser extent, for protein substitution in diets for European seabass. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation time for diets containing two levels of legumes were determined in European seabass (initial wt. 150 g). Seven isonitrogenous (44 g crude protein 100 g - 1) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g - 1) extruded diets were tested. Experimental diets contained 15 g or 30 g 100 g - 1 of each legume including faba bean meal, (FB15, FB30), chickpea meal (CP15, CP30), field pea meal (FP15, FP30) and a control, wheat meal containing, diet. Inclusion of faba beans in diets significantly enhanced apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dietary protein and energy at both inclusion levels. Starch digestibility was significantly lower for the control and FP30 diet and significantly higher for the FB15 diet. Fat digestibility coefficients were elevated significantly for FB15, FB30, CP15, FP15 and FP30 diets, compared to the CP30 and the control diet. The incorporation of faba bean and chickpea greatly affected gastrointestinal evacuation time compared to fish fed the control diet. Longer passage times were observed when these legumes were included in the diet. Glucose serum peak value was delayed for FB30 and a slower decreasing rate was observed for the legume diets. The addition of legumes had a positive effect on physical properties of the pellets by increasing the hardness while water activity remained within the safety limits. The findings of this study suggest that the legumes tested are potential candidates for carbohydrate replacement (wheat) and, to a lesser extent, for protein substitution in diets for European seabass. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
2006 |
Venou, B; Alexis, M N; Fountoulaki, E; Haralabous, J Aquaculture, 261 (1), pp. 343–356, 2006, ISSN: 00448486. @article{venou_effects_2006, title = {Effects of extrusion and inclusion level of soybean meal on diet digestibility, performance and nutrient utilization of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)}, author = {B Venou and M N Alexis and E Fountoulaki and J Haralabous}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848606005230}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.07.030}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-11-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {261}, number = {1}, pages = {343--356}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2005 |
Fountoulaki, Eleni; Alexis, Maria N; Nengas, Ioannis; Venou, Barbara Effect of diet composition on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme levels of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) Journal Article Aquaculture Research, 36 (13), pp. 1243–1251, 2005, ISSN: 1355-557X, 1365-2109. @article{fountoulaki_effect_2005, title = {Effect of diet composition on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme levels of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)}, author = {Eleni Fountoulaki and Maria N Alexis and Ioannis Nengas and Barbara Venou}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01232.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01232.x}, issn = {1355-557X, 1365-2109}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-09-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Aquaculture Research}, volume = {36}, number = {13}, pages = {1243--1251}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2003 |
Venou, B; Alexis, M N; Fountoulaki, E; Nengas, I; Apostolopoulou, M; Castritsi-Cathariou, I Aquaculture, 225 (1-4), pp. 207–223, 2003, ISSN: 00448486. @article{venou_effect_2003, title = {Effect of extrusion of wheat and corn on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) growth, nutrient utilization efficiency, rates of gastric evacuation and digestive enzyme activities}, author = {B Venou and M N Alexis and E Fountoulaki and I Nengas and M Apostolopoulou and I Castritsi-Cathariou}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848603002904}, doi = {10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00290-4}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-07-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {225}, number = {1-4}, pages = {207--223}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Fountoulaki, E; Alexis, M N; Nengas, I; Venou, B Aquaculture, 225 (1-4), pp. 309–323, 2003, ISSN: 00448486. @article{fountoulaki_effects_2003, title = {Effects of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), on growth, body composition, and tissue fatty acid profile of gilthead bream fingerlings (Sparus aurata L.)}, author = {E Fountoulaki and M N Alexis and I Nengas and B Venou}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848603002989}, doi = {10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00298-9}, issn = {00448486}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-07-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {225}, number = {1-4}, pages = {309--323}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
1999 |
Alexis, Maria N; Nengas, Ioannis; Fountoulaki, Eleni; Papoutsi, Eleni; Andriopoulou, Argiro; Koutsodimou, Maria; Gaubaudan, J Aquaculture, 179 (1-4), pp. 447–456, 1999, ISSN: 00448486. @article{alexis_tissue_1999, title = {Tissue ascorbic acid levels in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) fingerlings fed diets containing different forms of ascorbic acid}, author = {Maria N Alexis and Ioannis Nengas and Eleni Fountoulaki and Eleni Papoutsi and Argiro Andriopoulou and Maria Koutsodimou and J Gaubaudan}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848699001787}, doi = {10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00178-7}, issn = {00448486}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-09-01}, urldate = {2020-08-18}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {179}, number = {1-4}, pages = {447--456}, abstract = {Sea bass and sea bream fingerlings of 3-4 g initial weight were fed four diets supplemented with 250 mg/kg of ascorbic acid (AA) supplied as the fat coated form or different phosphate ester forms. An ascorbate free diet was also fed. Before the start of the experiment, fish were fed an ascorbate free diet in order to deplete their ascorbate stores. The same diet formulation was used in all treatments containing fish meal LT, soybean meal and wheat flour as the main ingredients. Feeding levels were the same for all groups of fish and were close to satiation. The results obtained for fish growth and feed efficiency did not differ significantly among groups of fish for both species studied. Muscle, liver and kidney were analysed for AA content after frequent sampling of fish. Tissue ascorbate levels increased after feeding the ascorbate containing diets, the rate of increase was although higher for sea bream than for sea bass. Ascorbate levels in groups fed the fat coated diet were lower than those fed the diets containing phosphate esters, probably due to a higher destruction of this form during feed preparation and storage. AA levels in the tissues studied were different with muscle having the lowest and kidney the highest value. Ascorbate levels in fish fed the ascorbate free diet decreased significantly. No growth reduction or deficiency signs were observed.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Sea bass and sea bream fingerlings of 3-4 g initial weight were fed four diets supplemented with 250 mg/kg of ascorbic acid (AA) supplied as the fat coated form or different phosphate ester forms. An ascorbate free diet was also fed. Before the start of the experiment, fish were fed an ascorbate free diet in order to deplete their ascorbate stores. The same diet formulation was used in all treatments containing fish meal LT, soybean meal and wheat flour as the main ingredients. Feeding levels were the same for all groups of fish and were close to satiation. The results obtained for fish growth and feed efficiency did not differ significantly among groups of fish for both species studied. Muscle, liver and kidney were analysed for AA content after frequent sampling of fish. Tissue ascorbate levels increased after feeding the ascorbate containing diets, the rate of increase was although higher for sea bream than for sea bass. Ascorbate levels in groups fed the fat coated diet were lower than those fed the diets containing phosphate esters, probably due to a higher destruction of this form during feed preparation and storage. AA levels in the tissues studied were different with muscle having the lowest and kidney the highest value. Ascorbate levels in fish fed the ascorbate free diet decreased significantly. No growth reduction or deficiency signs were observed. |